To safeguard against waterborne illnesses, one must implement the following precautions. 1. Prioritize consuming fresh and clean water. 2. Always filter contaminated water before consumption. 3. Disinfect water resources to ensure safety. 4. Avoid consuming water from ponds. 5. Practice caution by ensuring water quality before consumption.
Amoebiasis is typically spread through: 1. The fecal-oral route. 2. Contact with unclean hands or objects. 3. Anal-oral contact. 4. Consumption of contaminated food and water. Symptoms of malaria: 1. Experience fever with shivering. 2. Encounter joint pain or arthralgia. 3. Episodes of vomiting. 4. Develop anemia from RBC rupture or haemolysis. 5. Notice haemoglobinuria. … Read more
Ensuring personal and public hygiene is crucial to protect against infectious diseases. Personal hygiene measures encompass various practices: 1. Ensure personal hygiene by maintaining cleanliness in the body. 2. Consume clean drinking water and wholesome foods, including vegetables and fruits. 3. Practice proper waste disposal and manage excreta appropriately. 4. Regularly clean and disinfect water … Read more
1. Every antibody is designed to target a specific antigen. 2. Interaction occurs between antigenic determinants (epitopes), situated on the combining sites of antigens, and the corresponding paratopes on antibodies. 3. The variable regions of antibodies house the antigen-binding sites (paratopes). 4. Minute differences in the variable regions contribute to the high specificity of each … Read more
Antigens on Blood Cells: Blood cells, comprising red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets, exhibit distinct antigens on their surfaces. These antigens play a pivotal role in blood typing and compatibility. 1. Red Blood Cell Antigens (Blood Group Systems): •ABO System: In the ABO blood group system, red blood cells express antigens known … Read more
1. Fatigue: Feeling persistently tired or lacking energy. 2. Lumps or Thickening:Detecting an abnormal lump or thickened area under the skin 3. Weight Changes:Experiencing unintended weight loss or gain. 4. Skin Changes: Noticing alterations like yellowing, darkening, redness, non-healing sores, or changes in moles. 5. Altered Habits:Changes in bowel or bladder habits, persistent cough, difficulty … Read more
HIV is transmitted for following reasons: 1. HIV transmission occurs through specific activities such as sex or injection drug use. 2. The virus is transmitted via certain body fluids, including blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. 3. Transmission is possible only if these fluids contact mucous membranes, open cuts or … Read more
Malaria symptoms typically manifest 7 to 18 days post-infection. Common signs include fever, fatigue, chills, vomiting, headaches, diarrhea, anemia, and muscle pain. Severe cases may involve profuse sweating, convulsions, and, in extreme instances, seizures, coma, or death. Malaria is spread for the following reason: When a mosquito contracts a disease from biting an infected person … Read more
B Cells (B Lymphocytes): 1. Originate in the bone marrow. 2. Also known as B lymphocytes. 3. Present inside lymph nodes. 4. Have surface antibodies. 5. Connect to the surface of invading bacteria and viruses. 6. Membrane receptor for antigen is BCR (B cell receptor). 7. Life span is short. 8. Secrete antibodies. 9. Have … Read more
Comparing Active Immunity and Passive Immunity: Active Immunity: Protection Origin: Originates from the body’s response to antigens, leading to antibody production and memory cell formation. Duration of Protection: Offers prolonged defense, often for years or a lifetime. Induction: Triggered by exposure to a pathogen through infection or vaccination. Primary Response: Initial immune response is slower as … Read more