Carcinogens are substances that induce cancer and can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological agents. Carcinogen Organ affected I. Coal tar (3, 4 benzpyrene) Skin, lungs ii. Cigarette smoke (N-nitrosodimethylamine) Lungs iii. Cadmium oxide Prostate gland iv. Aflatoxin (a metabolite of Aspergillus flavus, a mould) Liver
AMIS refers to the antibody-mediated immune system, also known as humoral immunity, while CMIS stands for the cell-mediated immune system.
1. Inhaling cigarette smoke, which contains nicotine, Nnitrosodimethlene, and carbon monoxide, adversely affects respiratory health. 2. Smoking increases the risk of asthma, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and lung damage. 3. The carcinogenic nature of smoking substances poses a severe threat, leading to cancers in the larynx, trachea, lungs, and other health issues, impacting both smokers … Read more
Lymphatic filariasis, commonly referred to as elephantiasis, stands as a neglected tropical disease. Transmission of filarial parasites to humans through mosquitoes leads to infection, typically acquired during childhood, resulting in concealed harm to the lymphatic system. Transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative parasite of lymphatic filariasis, occurs through the following process: 1. The transmission involves … Read more
Sporozoite is the infective stage of malaria. Symptoms of malaria: 1. Malaria manifests with symptoms such as fever accompanied by shivering, joint pain, vomiting, and anaemia resulting from RBC rupture. 2. Classic malaria symptoms include haemoglobinuria, retinal damage, convulsions, and cyclical episodes of coldness, rigor, fever, and sweating lasting 4-6 hours. 3. Severe infections may … Read more
Antigen: 1. Antigens, large protein molecules found on pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, trigger immune responses in the body. 2. Upon entry into the body, harmful agents like the common cold virus prompt the production of antibodies as a defense mechanism. 3. The immune reaction involves the assembly of antibodies, which work to … Read more
Diseases that manifest after birth are termed acquired diseases.and they fall into two categories: (a)Communicable or infectious diseases and (b) Noncommunicable or Non-infectious diseases. Communicable or infectious diseases Communicable or infectious diseases are illnesses that can be transmitted from an infected individual to another person, either through direct contact or indirectly via various means. These … Read more
Health encompasses complete well-being, extending beyond the mere absence of disease. True health involves physical fitness, mental happiness, and thriving social relationships—a holistic state of being.
Ringworm on the body is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton.
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus and Mansonia annulifera mosquitoes.