Previous Year Papers

Name the three ossicles of the middle ear.

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The middle ear comprises the tympanic membrane and three bony ossicles: the malleus, incus, and stapes. Together, these ossicles form a connection between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear. This arrangement facilitates the transmission of sound waves from the external environment to the inner ear. The malleus, incus, and stapes play a crucial role … Read more

Distinguish between Open and closed circulation.

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Open Circulatory System: 1. Predominantly present in invertebrates. 2. Blood circulates freely through cavities due to the absence of vessels. 3. Commonly observed in arthropods and mollusks. 4. Nutrients and gases are exchanged directly with tissues in open spaces. 5. Limited control over blood flow, as it moves through open compartments. Closed Circulatory System: 1. … Read more

Left ventricle is thick than all other chambers of heart.

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1. The left ventricle propels oxygenated blood throughout the body, creating higher pressure within its chamber. 2. In contrast, the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs without exerting significant pressure, given the proximity of the lungs to the heart. 3. Reflecting these distinct functions, the left ventricle features a thicker wall compared to … Read more

Arteries are thicker than veins.

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1. The circulatory system comprises the heart and blood vessels, categorized into arteries, veins, and capillaries.

2. Arteries, with their thick and elastic walls, bear the pressure exerted by the blood propelled forcefully during ventricular systole.

3. The heart pumps blood at high pressure into the aorta and its branches to supply oxygen and nutrients to both the brain and areas below the heart.

4. Veins play a crucial role in returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart for reoxygenation.

5. Capillaries, the smallest vessels, facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and surrounding tissues.

6. The arterial system’s resilience ensures efficient blood circulation, supporting vital functions throughout the body.

Person who has undergone heart transplant needs lifetime supply of immunosupressants.

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1. Closed circulation, with its high blood pressure in vessels, enables efficient and swift blood flow to distant body parts. 2. Open circulation, lacking arteries and vessels, results in lower blood pressure, causing a slower delivery of blood to body cells, making closed circulation more efficient.

Human heart is called as myogenic and autorhythmic.

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1. The heart exhibits auto-rhythmicity as the impulse for its rhythmic contractions originates internally, a characteristic known as myogenicity. 2. Certain cardiac muscle fibers acquire self-excitability during development, contributing to the generation of impulses. 3. These self-excitable fibers serve crucial roles as pacemakers, establishing the heart’s rhythm. 4. Additionally, they constitute a conductive system facilitating … Read more

Closed circulation is more efficient than open circulation.

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1. Closed circulation significantly boosts the speed, precision, and efficiency of blood flow, allowing for faster circulation through the closed system and quicker return to the heart. 2. In open circulation, lacking dedicated blood vessels like arteries or veins, there is a resulting low blood pressure, contrasting with the heightened efficiency of closed circulation.

Explain in brief the factors affecting blood pressure.

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1. Cardiac Output: A typical cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Elevated cardiac output correlates with an increase in systolic pressure. 2. Peripheral Resistance: The resistance in peripheral vessels hinges on their diameter. Vasoconstriction induced by vasopressin results in heightened peripheral resistance, leading to an elevation in blood pressure. 3. Blood Volume: Traumatic blood … Read more

What is role of papillary muscles and chordae tendinae in human heart?

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Papillary muscles form prominent ridges in ventricles. Bicuspid and tricuspid valves connect to these muscles via chordae tendinae. Chordae tendinae are inelastic fibers within ventricles. They prevent valve reversal into atria during ventricular contraction, controlling valve opening and closing. The intricate system ensures proper heart function.