(i) Osmosis is a specific type of solvent diffusion through a semipermeable membrane.
(ii) It involves the movement of ions, atoms, or molecules from areas of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.
(iii) When a living cell undergoes exo-osmosis in a hypertonic solution, it experiences plasmolysis.
(iv) The swelling of hydrophilic colloids due to water adsorption is known as gelation.
(v) The release of liquid water is referred to as guttation.
(vi) The process of water loss from the plant body in vapor form is termed transpiration.
(vii) The movement of water with dissolved minerals from roots to other aerial plant parts against gravity is the ascent of sap.
(viii) Active absorption is the process where root activity, against the solute concentration gradient, involves the expenditure of ATP energy generated by respiration.
(ix) The disparity in diffusion pressures between pure solvent and solvent in a solution is termed diffusion pressure deficit.
(x) Turgor pressure exerted by the cell sap on the cell membrane and cell wall is known as pressure potential.
(xi) The chemical potential of water is referred to as water potential.
(xii) The counter pressure exerted by the thick and rigid cell wall against turgor pressure is called wall pressure, operating in the opposite direction.
(xiii) Continuous water absorption by root hairs generates hydrostatic pressure in living root cells, known as root pressure.