Gene Cloning Process in rDNA Technology i. Isolation of DNA (gene) from the donor organism: a) Extract and purify DNA from the donor organism. ii. Cutting of the desired gene: a) Use restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases) to cleave isolated DNA. b) Cleaved DNA fragments have cohesive or blunt ends. c) Select a fragment containing the … Read more
Bioethics explores the ethical perspectives, choices, and principles guiding human conduct in the context of biological occurrences or phenomena. 1. Bioethics addresses various ethical considerations related to emerging technologies such as cloning, transgenics, gene therapy, eugenics, and in vitro fertilization, as well as complex issues like euthanasia and maintaining individuals in comatose states. 2. Within … Read more
A biopatent is granted for microorganism strains, cell lines, genetically modified variants, DNA sequences, biotechnological processes, and applications related to products and their processes. Terms of biopatent: 1. Biopatents grant the patent holder exclusive rights to the protected invention, restricting others from making, using, selling, or importing it for a limited duration. 2. The duration … Read more
Biopiracy involves unlawfully taking natural resources, patenting them, and profiting without providing any benefits or compensation to the country of origin. 1. Unauthorized misappropriation involves the wrongful use of biological resources and traditional knowledge. 2. Bio-patenting or exploiting bioresources without proper permission or compensation from the respective nation constitutes unlawful actions. Here are instances of … Read more
1. Collection of Variability: i) Gather diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop through germplasm collection. ii) Preserve wild species and relatives of cultivated species with desired traits. iii) In situ conservation occurs in forests and natural reserves, while botanical gardens and seed banks facilitate ex situ conservation. 2. Evaluation and Selection of … Read more
1. Mutations denote sudden heritable changes in the genetic makeup. 2. The occurrence of natural mutations is characterized by a slow rate of occurrence. 3. Natural physical mutagens encompass factors like exposure to elevated temperatures, high concentrations of CO2, X-rays, and UV rays. 4. Induction of mutations can be achieved through the use of various … Read more
Diverse poultry diseases can be categorized into various types: 1. Viral Diseases: Examples include Ranikhet, Bronchitis, and Avian Influenza (bird flu), which has not only had a significant impact on poultry farming but has also been known to cause infections in humans. 2. Bacterial Diseases: Conditions such as Pullorum, Cholera, Typhoid, Tuberculosis (TB), Chronic Respiratory … Read more
Fish preservation methods include: 1. Chilling: Fish is covered with layers of ice for short-term preservation, effectively slowing down autolytic enzyme activity. 2. Freezing: This long-duration method involves freezing fish at temperatures between 0°C to -20°C, inhibiting autolytic enzymes and reducing bacterial growth. 3. Freeze Drying: Fish frozen at -20°C undergo direct sublimation of ice to … Read more
1. Derived from the dermal glands of the female lac insect (Trachardia lacca), lac is a resin with a distinct pink hue that solidifies upon exposure to air, resulting in the formation of lac. 2. Constituting a complex substance, lac encompasses resin, sugar, water, minerals, and alkaline substances, contributing to its multifaceted composition. 3. Displaying … Read more
Sewage water purification is achieved by directing it through sewage treatment plants, utilizing the action of microorganisms. Within these plants, the separation of solids from liquids occurs through physical processes, while liquids undergo purification through biological and chemical processes in three distinct stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. (i) Primary Treatment: Physical removal of particles like … Read more