Short Answer

Name any two enzymes and antibiotics with their microbial source.

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Antibiotics: 1. Chloromycetin is sourced from Streptomyces venezuelae. 2. Erythromycin is derived from Streptomyces erythreus. 3. Penicillin is produced by Penicillium chrysogenum. 4. Streptomycin is obtained from Streptomyces griseus. 5. Griseofulvin comes from Penicillium griseojulvum. 6. Bacitracin is sourced from Bacillus licheniformis. 7. Oxytetracyclin (Terramycin) is produced by Streptomyces aurifaciens. Enzyme: Invertase is derived from … Read more

Write a note on biocontrol agents.

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Biocontrol agents, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoans, are utilized to manage pathogens, pests, and weeds. They either induce the disease in pests, compete with them, or directly eliminate them. Examples: Bacillus thuringiensis: 1. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) serves as a microbial pesticide specifically designed for eliminating butterflies and caterpillars. 2. Bt is employed to … Read more

What is biogas? Write in brief about the production process.

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Biogas, an eco-friendly renewable energy, results from breaking down organic matter like food scraps and animal waste. It can power vehicles, heat homes, and generate electricity. Anaerobic digestion encompasses the following processes: i. Hydrolysis or solubilization: Clostridium and Pseudomonas, as anaerobic hydrolyzing bacteria, break down carbohydrates into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids, and lipids … Read more

Many microbes are used at home during preparation of food items. Comment on such useful ones with examples.

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1. Many home-cooked dishes involve the use of microorganisms. 2. Dhokla is prepared from gram flour and buttermilk using Lactobacilli through fermentation. 3. Dosa and idlis are made from rice and black gram batter, fermented by airborne Leuconostoc and Streptococcus bacteria. 4. Some mushrooms and truffles, with large fleshy fruiting bodies, are consumed as sugar-free, … Read more

Write a short note on typhoid.

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Symptoms of typhoid: 1. Initial Signs: Chills, sweating, and weakness may manifest in the early stages. 2. Fever and Gastrointestinal Issues: High fever, skin rashes, dehydration, constipation, and stomach pain are common. 3. General Health Impact: Weight loss, muscle aches, and loss of appetite contribute to overall health deterioration. 4. Advanced Symptoms: Severe headache, delirium/hallucinations, … Read more

What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?

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To safeguard against waterborne illnesses, one must implement the following precautions.  1. Prioritize consuming fresh and clean water. 2. Always filter contaminated water before consumption. 3. Disinfect water resources to ensure safety. 4. Avoid consuming water from ponds. 5. Practice caution by ensuring water quality before consumption.

How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? a. Amoebiasis b. Malaria c. Ascariasis d. Pneumonia

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Amoebiasis is typically spread through: 1. The fecal-oral route. 2. Contact with unclean hands or objects. 3. Anal-oral contact. 4. Consumption of contaminated food and water. Symptoms of malaria: 1. Experience fever with shivering. 2. Encounter joint pain or arthralgia. 3. Episodes of vomiting. 4. Develop anemia from RBC rupture or haemolysis. 5. Notice haemoglobinuria. … Read more

What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?

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Ensuring personal and public hygiene is crucial to protect against infectious diseases. Personal hygiene measures encompass various practices: 1. Ensure personal hygiene by maintaining cleanliness in the body. 2. Consume clean drinking water and wholesome foods, including vegetables and fruits. 3. Practice proper waste disposal and manage excreta appropriately. 4. Regularly clean and disinfect water … Read more

Write a note on the antigens-antibody complex.

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1. Every antibody is designed to target a specific antigen. 2. Interaction occurs between antigenic determinants (epitopes), situated on the combining sites of antigens, and the corresponding paratopes on antibodies. 3. The variable regions of antibodies house the antigen-binding sites (paratopes). 4. Minute differences in the variable regions contribute to the high specificity of each … Read more

Write a note on antigens on blood cells.

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Antigens on Blood Cells: Blood cells, comprising red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets, exhibit distinct antigens on their surfaces. These antigens play a pivotal role in blood typing and compatibility. 1. Red Blood Cell Antigens (Blood Group Systems): •ABO System: In the ABO blood group system, red blood cells express antigens known … Read more